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- Cyclic Redundancy Check Computation: An Implementation Using the TMS320C54x Patrick Geremia C5000 Abstract Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code provides a simple, yet powerful, method for the detection of burst errors during digital data transmission and storage. CRC implementation can use either hardware or software methods.
- A cyclic redundancy code (CRC) is a powerful type of checksum that is able to detect corruption of data that is stored in and/or transmitted between embedded systems. Generally speaking, CRCs are most efficiently calculated in dedicated hardware. However, sometimes you must compute a CRC in software, for example in a C or C++ program that will run on a microcontroller.
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ASSIGNMENT IS TO BE DONE IN C LANGUAGE
CRC Tester
For this assignment you will write a CRC checker program thathas two modes of operation and implements the CRC calculationmethod that we have discussed in lecture. In 'calculation' mode,the program will calculate the CRC-12 value for a given inputstring. In 'verification' mode, the program will interpret the last3 hex characters of an input string as a CRC-12 value and it willthen determine whether this is the correct CRC-12 value for theinput string without those 3 characters. In both modes, the programmust report header information, intermediate results, and finalresults as described further below. The mode and the input stringto process will be supplied to your program as command linearguments. The program will be graded according to the GradingRubric that appears at the bottom of this assignment.
Use the CRC polynomial x12 + x11 + x7 + x5 + x4 + x1 + 1.
Programming Language
The program must be written in C, C++, or Java, whichever youfind more convenient. No other programming or scripting languagesare permitted. If you are coding in C or C++, you must use only thestandard libraries, such as stdio.h, math.h, and Standard TemplateLibrary. If you are using Java, you must use only the classes andpackages included in a standard 'SE' edition of Java, but you maynot use the BigInteger class.
What You Should Submit
You should submit a single source code file for one of thepermitted languages. Multiple submissions are permitted, but onlythe last submission before the deadline will be graded. If thereare no submissions before the deadline, then only the firstsubmission after the deadline will be graded with the point penaltydescribed in the syllabus.
Your entire program should be contained in exactly one sourcecode file, which should contain all classes, functions, and methodsnecessary to make your program run. C/C++ programmers should notuse separate header files. Java programmers should not use packagestatements so our test scripts can run without changes.
If you submit a C/C++ program, the suggested file name is'crctester.c' or 'crctester.cpp'. If your program is written inJava, the file (and hence the main class) must be named'CrcTester.java'.
Command Line Arguments
![1225 1225](/uploads/1/3/4/3/134341043/915477598.png)
The program must read in two command line arguments. If you areunsure what is meant by this, or how to use them, please review thearticle on this topic in the “Programming Resources” section ofthis Webcourse.
The programming resources article contains complete programs inC and Java that illustrate how to input and read command linearguments. If you are unfamiliar with using command line arguments,you are strongly advised to key in the appropriate sample programand to make it work on your system before proceeding with theprogram development for this assignment. Once you have mastered thesample program, you can then proceed to develop a separate programfor this assignment. For this assignment, your program will onlyneed two strings as arguments.
Please note: Most IDEs, like Eclipse and NetBeans, require youto configure your program's project to pass a set of command linearguments to the program when it is run. You may wish to use theinputs from the sample outputs included in this assignment fordevelopment purposes, which illustrate both modes of operation.
Of course, setting up your IDE in this manner just configures itfor one particular set of command line arguments. Once your programworks with this one set of arguments, it is more convenient to copythe source code into a new folder on your desktop where you will beable to use different files and parameters by simply typing them inon the command line and pressing the 'Enter' button. Your programmay NOT prompt the user to enter the parameters, nor may it assumethat they will have any particular names or values.
The command line arguments for this program are as follows:
1. The first argument will be a flag value that identifies themode of operation: “c” for calculation mode, or “v” forverification mode. Please note that the actual arguments will notcontain quotation marks. Only these two values are allowed. Anyother values should produce a simple error message and a gracefulexit from the program.
2. The second argument will be the input string to processaccording to the mode. The string will be a valid sequence ofuppercase hexadecimal characters. There may be as few as 3 or asmany as 40 characters in this string. In verification mode, thelast 3 hex characters will represent the 'observed' CRC value,which you must check for validity.
Compiling and Running from the Command Line
Your program must compile and run from the command line, becausethat is how we must test it. If you are unsure what is meant bythis, please review the article on this topic in the “ProgrammingResources” section this Webcourse.
We will compile your program using one the followingcommands:
C program: prompt> gcc -lm -o CrcTester crctester.c
C++ program: prompt> g++ -lm -o CrcTester crctester.cpp
Java program: prompt> javac CrcTester.java
Once the program is compiled, we will use a script to test yourprogram against several different combinations of input parameters.Each program test configuration will be launched with command lineparameters in the following form:
C/C++ program in Windows: prompt> CrcTester [mode][string_to_process]
C/C++ program in Linux: prompt> ./CrcTester [mode][string_to_process]
Java program on all systems: prompt> java CrcTester [mode][string_to_process]
Please note: the '[' and ']' brackets in the above commandillustrations are for display purposes only. An actual commandwould look like: 'CrcTester c D2B' with no brackets or quotationmarks.
Testing Your Program
You are strongly advised to test your program in the same mannerthat we will use to grade it. This means: (a) you should be able tocompile and run it from the command line within a Command orTerminal window, and (b) you should use command line parameters. Agood test will be to use the input arguments shown in the sampleoutputs below, so that you can compare your output to what is shownbelow.
If you are writing your program in C/C++ and you do notcurrently have the ability to compile and run your program fromwithin a Command Window, you may wish to review the 'ProgrammingResources' article on installing MinGW for Windows, which will giveyou access to the free gcc and g++ compilers for compiling andrunning C/C++ programs.
Calculating CRC Values
You will need to calculate CRC values in both modes ofoperation. In calculate mode, the value calculated is the finaloutput. In verify mode, you must take one additional step, which isto compare the CRC value you calculate against the value that isobserved from the input string to determine whether the observedvalue is correct.
You should use the CRC calculation method we discussed inlecture, since this will produce the intermediate result stringsthat your program must output. Moreover, you may find it convenientto use arrays of characters, strings, or boolean values to hold thepolynomial and the input string, since the input string can be aslong as 40 hex characters (160 bits) and you will need to add 12additional zero values as padding to start off the computation.
The method discussed in lecture is illustrated using thefollowing example in which we compute a CRC-3 code for the message5AE, using the polynomial x3 + x2 + 1. This is only a simpleexample, to illustrate the procedure. For the program that you mustwrite, you will need to calculate CRC-12 values a well as performverification as described.
To begin, we convert the polynomial for this example to the4-bit string 1101. Next, we convert the input string 5AE to itsbinary equivalent, 010110101110. Next, we pad this value with 3zeroes at the right since we are performing CRC-3 in this example,producing the value 010110101110000, which is called the dividend.This is the value that we divide by the polynomial. The remainderthat we get from this division will be the desired CRC-3 value.
You will recall that to perform the binary division, we use theXOR operation for the subtraction part. We apply the XOR operatorseparately on each bit position involved in the subtraction. Otherthan the use of XOR, the division is performed in exactly the sameway as long division for base 10 numbers.
The following table illustrates the division method we discussedin lecture. In the table, the dividend (padded input string) isshown in blue, the polynomial divisor is shown in red, and theresults of the XOR operations are shown on the lines that do nothave the XOR symbol at the left edge. The CRC value is theremainder, 100, shown in red at the bottom. Since this is a 3-bitbinary number, if we wish to express it as a hex character we willneed to pad it with a leading zero to get the 4-bit binary number0100 (which is the same number), which is of course the hexcharacter 4.
Your program will need to output the results of each XORoperation in a format that contains the same number of bits forevery result. The number of bits we wish to use in this example is15, which is computed from the length of the binary input (3 hexcharacters = 12 bits), plus the number of pad characters (here, 3).So, we need to report the results of the XOR operations as 15-bitbinary numbers. The way we will do this is to add leading zeroes tothe left of each XOR result and to bring down the unused bits fromthe dividend to the right.
This is illustrated in the following table, which shows the samedivision calculation as above, with the desired 15-bit output linesshown in bold.
C Program For Crc 1225 C
Programming Tips
One very convenient way to represent the binary numbers forthese calculations is to represent them as strings and to performall of the functions listed below on string values. This way, youwill not need to worry about arithmetic overflow.
In developing your programs, you may find it useful to writeseparate functions or methods for CRC calculation and CRCverification, and also for the following components:
converting a hexadecimal string into binary string
converting a binary string to hexadecimal
an XOR function/method that takes two binary strings as inputand returns the XOR result
producing the header output
producing the intermediate results output
producing the final results output
Of course, some of the listed functions will very likely invokeothers of these functions. It is good practice to reuse componentsinstead of writing the same block of code in multiple places. Manytypos and logical errors can be avoided by doing so, and if anycorrections are needed, they can be done conveniently in just oneplace.
Remember: the basic idea is to break down the overall task intosmall pieces that can be developed (and tested) separately so youcan build your program incrementally.
Program Output
The program must present output consisting of headerinformation, intermediate results, and final results, as describedseparately below. Sample outputs follow in the next section.
Header Information
The header information must be written on separate lines asshown in the sample outputs that follow. The individual linesare:
1. The program must first write the string 'CIS3360 CRC Testerby ', followed by your name and then a newline.
2. The program must write the string 'Mode of operation: ',followed by either the word 'calculation' or 'verification',depending on the value of the mode command line input argument
3. The program must write the string 'The input string (hex): ',followed by the string value of the second command line inputargument
4. The program must write the string 'The input string (bin): ',followed by the binary value of the second command line inputargument, and then a newline.
5. The program must write the string 'The polynomial that wasused (binary bit string): ', followed by the 13-bit binary value ofthe polynomial given at the top of this assignment with spacesevery 4 characters to improve readability.
6. The content of this line depends on whether the mode iscalculate or verify.
a. If in calculation mode, this line should read: 'Number ofzeroes that will be appended to the binary input: 12'
b. If in verification mode, this line should read: 'The CRCobserved at the end of the input: ', followed by the binary and hexvalues for the last 3 hex characters of the input string, as shownin the sample outputs that follow.
Intermediate Results
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This section will begin with the string: 'The binary stringdifference after each XOR step of the CRC calculation', followed bya newline.
Following the above statement, this section will show onseparate lines the results of each XOR step as described above,with spaces every 4 characters to improve readability.
Please note that for calculation mode, you must pad the binaryversion of the input string with 12 zeroes before you start thedivision process, but for verification mode you have two choices.The first choice is to remove the last three hex characters (i.e.,the last 12 bits) representing the observed CRC, in which case youmust then pad the rest with 12 zeroes as if you were simplycalculating the CRC. The second choice is to leave the observed CRCattached to the rest of the input, in which case you should not addzeroes for padding. The difference between these two choicesdetermines how you will interpret the result in the bottom row ofthe intermediate results output.
Final Results
The contents of the final results output section will depend onthe mode.
For calculation mode, the final results section will consist ofone line containing the string 'The CRC computed from the input: ',followed by the binary and hex versions of the last 12 bits of thelast intermediate output line, as shown in the sample output forcalculate mode below.
For verification mode, the final results section will consist oftwo lines. The first line will report the computed CRC in binaryand hex form in the same format as for calculation mode. The secondline will consist of the string 'Did the CRC check pass? (Yes orNo): ', followed by 'Yes' or 'No', as appropriate.
Please note: Determining the calculated CRC in verify mode isdifferent, depending on whether the observed CRC was stripped fromor included in the dividend, as described in the previous section.If the observed CRC was stripped from the input string, then thelast 12 bits of the last line of the intermediate output will bethe computed CRC. However, if the observed CRC was included in thedividend then the calculated CRC will be the XOR of the observedCRC with the last 12 bits of the last line of the intermediateresults output. You will therefore note that if those last 12 bitsare all zeroes, then this value will be equal to the observed CRC,from which you will be able to conclude that the CRC check wassuccessful (a 'Yes' final result).
Regardless of the method chosen for performing the division inverify mode, the final answer must be the result of comparing thecomputed CRC with the observed CRC.
Sample Outputs
This section includes three sample outputs, one for eachpossible situation. Please note that the verification modeintermediate results show the values for the method where theobserved CRC is included in the dividend and no zeroes are addedfor padding. If the other method for division in verification modehad been used, where the observed CRC is removed and zeroes areadded for padding, the intermediate results strings forverification mode would appear exactly the same as in the firstexample for calculate mode, since the dividends would be identicalin that case.
Programming Tips
One very convenient way to represent the binary numbers forthese calculations is to represent them as strings and to performall of the functions listed below on string values. This way, youwill not need to worry about arithmetic overflow.
In developing your programs, you may find it useful to writeseparate functions or methods for CRC calculation and CRCverification, and also for the following components:
converting a hexadecimal string into binary string
converting a binary string to hexadecimal
an XOR function/method that takes two binary strings as inputand returns the XOR result
producing the header output
producing the intermediate results output
producing the final results output
Of course, some of the listed functions will very likely invokeothers of these functions. It is good practice to reuse componentsinstead of writing the same block of code in multiple places. Manytypos and logical errors can be avoided by doing so, and if anycorrections are needed, they can be done conveniently in just oneplace.
Remember: the basic idea is to break down the overall task intosmall pieces that can be developed (and tested) separately so youcan build your program incrementally.
Program Output
The program must present output consisting of headerinformation, intermediate results, and final results, as describedseparately below. Sample outputs follow in the next section.
Header Information
The header information must be written on separate lines asshown in the sample outputs that follow. The individual linesare:
1. The program must first write the string 'CIS3360 CRC Testerby ', followed by your name and then a newline.
2. The program must write the string 'Mode of operation: ',followed by either the word 'calculation' or 'verification',depending on the value of the mode command line input argument
3. The program must write the string 'The input string (hex): ',followed by the string value of the second command line inputargument
4. The program must write the string 'The input string (bin): ',followed by the binary value of the second command line inputargument, and then a newline.
5. The program must write the string 'The polynomial that wasused (binary bit string): ', followed by the 13-bit binary value ofthe polynomial given at the top of this assignment with spacesevery 4 characters to improve readability.
6. The content of this line depends on whether the mode iscalculate or verify.
a. If in calculation mode, this line should read: 'Number ofzeroes that will be appended to the binary input: 12'
b. If in verification mode, this line should read: 'The CRCobserved at the end of the input: ', followed by the binary and hexvalues for the last 3 hex characters of the input string, as shownin the sample outputs that follow.
Intermediate Results
This section will begin with the string: 'The binary stringdifference after each XOR step of the CRC calculation', followed bya newline.
Following the above statement, this section will show onseparate lines the results of each XOR step as described above,with spaces every 4 characters to improve readability.
Please note that for calculation mode, you must pad the binaryversion of the input string with 12 zeroes before you start thedivision process, but for verification mode you have two choices.The first choice is to remove the last three hex characters (i.e.,the last 12 bits) representing the observed CRC, in which case youmust then pad the rest with 12 zeroes as if you were simplycalculating the CRC. The second choice is to leave the observed CRCattached to the rest of the input, in which case you should not addzeroes for padding. The difference between these two choicesdetermines how you will interpret the result in the bottom row ofthe intermediate results output.
Final Results
The contents of the final results output section will depend onthe mode.
For calculation mode, the final results section will consist ofone line containing the string 'The CRC computed from the input: ',followed by the binary and hex versions of the last 12 bits of thelast intermediate output line, as shown in the sample output forcalculate mode below.
For verification mode, the final results section will consist oftwo lines. The first line will report the computed CRC in binaryand hex form in the same format as for calculation mode. The secondline will consist of the string 'Did the CRC check pass? (Yes orNo): ', followed by 'Yes' or 'No', as appropriate.
Please note: Determining the calculated CRC in verify mode isdifferent, depending on whether the observed CRC was stripped fromor included in the dividend, as described in the previous section.If the observed CRC was stripped from the input string, then thelast 12 bits of the last line of the intermediate output will bethe computed CRC. However, if the observed CRC was included in thedividend then the calculated CRC will be the XOR of the observedCRC with the last 12 bits of the last line of the intermediateresults output. You will therefore note that if those last 12 bitsare all zeroes, then this value will be equal to the observed CRC,from which you will be able to conclude that the CRC check wassuccessful (a 'Yes' final result).
Regardless of the method chosen for performing the division inverify mode, the final answer must be the result of comparing thecomputed CRC with the observed CRC.
Sample Outputs
This section includes three sample outputs, one for eachpossible situation. Please note that the verification modeintermediate results show the values for the method where theobserved CRC is included in the dividend and no zeroes are addedfor padding. If the other method for division in verification modehad been used, where the observed CRC is removed and zeroes areadded for padding, the intermediate results strings forverification mode would appear exactly the same as in the firstexample for calculate mode, since the dividends would be identicalin that case.
This is what Ihave So far:
#include
#include
#include
#include
int length=0;
int error=0;
int count1=0;
char* end_pointer;
char binary[50000][10];
char binary_string[50000];
char string_end[50000];
char input[50000];
char *polynomial;
char input_lowercase[50000];
char checksum[50000];
char tester[50000];
int error=0;
int count1=0;
char* end_pointer;
char binary[50000][10];
char binary_string[50000];
char string_end[50000];
char input[50000];
char *polynomial;
char input_lowercase[50000];
char checksum[50000];
char tester[50000];
void convertHextoBin(char *hexaDecimal)
{
long int i=0;
char FourPlaces[5];
char FourPlaces[5];
while(hexaDecimal[i])
{
//Cases for appearing hex values and binary values to convert themto
switch(hexaDecimal[i])
{
case '0':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '0000');
break;
case '1':strBinary
strcpy(FourPlaces, '0001');
break;
case '2':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '0010');
break;
case '3':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '0011');
break;
case '4':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '0100');
break;
case '5':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '0101');
break;
case '6':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '0110');
break;
case '7':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '0111');
break;
case '8':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '1000');
break;
case '9':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '1001');
break;
case 'A':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '1010');
break;
case 'B':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '1011');
break;
case 'C':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '1100');
break;
case 'D':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '1101');
break;
case 'E':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '1110');
break;
case 'F':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '1111');
break;
{
//Cases for appearing hex values and binary values to convert themto
switch(hexaDecimal[i])
{
case '0':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '0000');
break;
case '1':strBinary
strcpy(FourPlaces, '0001');
break;
case '2':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '0010');
break;
case '3':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '0011');
break;
case '4':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '0100');
break;
case '5':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '0101');
break;
case '6':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '0110');
break;
case '7':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '0111');
break;
case '8':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '1000');
break;
case '9':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '1001');
break;
case 'A':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '1010');
break;
case 'B':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '1011');
break;
case 'C':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '1100');
break;
case 'D':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '1101');
break;
case 'E':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '1110');
break;
case 'F':
strcpy(FourPlaces, '1111');
break;
}
i++;
strcat(binary_string, FourPlaces);
}
}
i++;
strcat(binary_string, FourPlaces);
}
}
void CrcChecker()
{
int i,p;
int c;
for(i=0; i checksum[i]= binary_string[i];
do
{
if(checksum[0]'1')
{
for(c = 1; c < strlen(polynomial); c++)
{
if (checksum[c] polynomial[c])
{
checksum[c] = '0';
}else checksum[c] = '1';
{
if(checksum[0]'1')
{
for(c = 1; c < strlen(polynomial); c++)
{
if (checksum[c] polynomial[c])
{
checksum[c] = '0';
}else checksum[c] = '1';
}
}
}
for(p=0; p checksum[p]=checksum[p+1];
checksum[p]=binary_string[i++];
}
while(i<=length+strlen(polynomial)-1);
}
while(i<=length+strlen(polynomial)-1);
}
void binarytoHex(char *binary)
{
long int dec;
long int rm;
long int qt;
int i=1,j,temp;
char hx[50000];
{
long int dec;
long int rm;
long int qt;
int i=1,j,temp;
char hx[50000];
dec = strtol (binary,NULL,2);
qt = dec;
while(qt!=0)
{
temp = qt % 16;
{
temp = qt % 16;
if( temp < 10)
{
temp =temp + 48;
}else temp = temp + 55;
{
temp =temp + 48;
}else temp = temp + 55;
hx[i++]= temp;
qt = qt / 16;
}
qt = qt / 16;
}
for(j = i -1 ; j> 0; j--)
printf('%c',hx[j]);
printf('%c',hx[j]);
printf(' (hex)');
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int i=0,e=0;
int Linecounter=0;
polynomial='1101';
polynomial='1010010101000';
{
int i=0,e=0;
int Linecounter=0;
polynomial='1101';
polynomial='1010010101000';
strcpy(input, argv[2]);
printf('nCIS3360 CRC Checker by Brandon McDonald nn');
if (strcmp(argv[1], 'c') 0)
{
printf('Mode of operation: calculationn');
{
printf('Mode of operation: calculationn');
printf('The input string (hex): %s n', input);
for(i = 0; i {
input_lowercase[i] = tolower(input[i]);
}
input_lowercase[i] = tolower(input[i]);
}
convertHextoBin(input_lowercase);
printf('The input string (bin): ' );
for(i=0; i {
printf('%c' , binary_string[i]);
printf('%c' , binary_string[i]);
Linecounter++;
if(Linecounter 4)
{
Linecounter = 0;
printf(' ');
}
if(Linecounter 4)
{
Linecounter = 0;
printf(' ');
}
}
printf('n');
printf('n');
printf('The polynomial that was used (binary bit string):');
for(i=0; i {
printf('%c' , polynomial[i]);
printf('%c' , polynomial[i]);
Linecounter++;
if(Linecounter 4)
{
Linecounter = 0;
printf(' ');
}
if(Linecounter 4)
{
Linecounter = 0;
printf(' ');
}
}
printf('n');
printf('Number of zeros that will be appended to the binaryinput: 12n');
![Crc Crc](/uploads/1/3/4/3/134341043/331455677.jpg)
printf('n');
printf('The binary string difference after each XOR step of theCRC calculation: n');
length = strlen(binary_string);
for(i=strlen(binary_string); i<(strlen(polynomial) + length)- 1; i++)
{
binary_string[i]='0';
}
{
binary_string[i]='0';
}
CrcChecker();
printf('n');
Linecounter=0;
if (strlen(checksum) % 4 0)
{
printf('The computed CRC for the input is: ');
{
printf('The computed CRC for the input is: ');
for(i=0; i {
printf('%c' , checksum[i]);
printf('%c' , checksum[i]);
Linecounter++;
if(Linecounter 4)
{
Linecounter = 0;
printf(' ');
}
if(Linecounter 4)
{
Linecounter = 0;
printf(' ');
}
}
printf('(bin) = ');
binarytoHex(checksum);
printf('n');
}
else
{
printf('(bin) = ');
binarytoHex(checksum);
printf('n');
}
else
{
Linecounter=0;
printf('The computed CRC for the input is: 0');
for(i=0; i {
printf('%c' , checksum[i]);
printf('%c' , checksum[i]);
Linecounter++;
if(Linecounter 4)
{
Linecounter = 0;
printf(' ');
}
if(Linecounter 4)
{
Linecounter = 0;
printf(' ');
}
}
printf('(bin) = ');
binarytoHex(checksum);
printf('n');
}
printf('(bin) = ');
binarytoHex(checksum);
printf('n');
}
printf('n');
}
else if (strcmp(argv[1], 'v') 0)
{
printf('Mode of operation: verifyn');
}
else if (strcmp(argv[1], 'v') 0)
{
printf('Mode of operation: verifyn');
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printf('The input string (hex): %s n', input);
for(i = 0; i {
input_lowercase[i] = tolower(input[i]);
}
input_lowercase[i] = tolower(input[i]);
}
convertHextoBin(input_lowercase);
printf('The input string (bin): ' );
for(i=0; i {
printf('%c' , binary_string[i]);
printf('%c' , binary_string[i]);
Linecounter++;
if(Linecounter 4)
{
Linecounter = 0;
printf(' ');
}
if(Linecounter 4)
{
Linecounter = 0;
printf(' ');
}
}
printf('n');
printf('n');
printf('The polynomial that was used (binary bit string):');
for(i=0; i {
printf('%c' , polynomial[i]);
printf('%c' , polynomial[i]);
Linecounter++;
if(Linecounter 4)
{
Linecounter = 0;
printf(' ');
}
if(Linecounter 4)
{
Linecounter = 0;
printf(' ');
}
}
printf('n');
printf('The 12-bit CRC observed at the end of the input: ');
Linecounter=0;
count1=0;
for(i=strlen(binary_string) - 12; i {
printf('%c' , binary_string[i]);
string_end[count1]=binary_string[i];
count1++;
count1=0;
for(i=strlen(binary_string) - 12; i {
printf('%c' , binary_string[i]);
string_end[count1]=binary_string[i];
count1++;
Linecounter++;
if(Linecounter 4)
{
Linecounter = 0;
printf(' ');
}
if(Linecounter 4)
{
Linecounter = 0;
printf(' ');
}
}
printf('(bin) = ');
binarytoHex(string_end);
printf('n');
binarytoHex(string_end);
printf('n');
printf(' (bin) = (hex)n');
length = strlen(binary_string);
C Program For Crc 1225 Driver
for(i=strlen(binary_string) - 12; i {
binary_string[i]='0';
}
binary_string[i]='0';
}
length = strlen(binary_string)-12;
Play the cadet kelly game. printf('Before checksum : %sn', binary_string);
CrcChecker();
printf('n');
printf('The binary string difference after each XOR step of the CRCcalculation: nn');
Linecounter=0;
if (strlen(checksum) % 4 0)
{
printf('The computed CRC for the input is: ');
{
printf('The computed CRC for the input is: ');
for(i=0; i {
printf('%c' , checksum[i]);
printf('%c' , checksum[i]);
Linecounter++;
if(Linecounter 4)
{
Linecounter = 0;
printf(' ');
}
if(Linecounter 4)
{
Linecounter = 0;
printf(' ');
}
}
printf('(bin) = ');
binarytoHex(checksum);
printf('n');
}
else
{
binarytoHex(checksum);
printf('n');
}
else
{
Linecounter=0;
printf('The computed CRC for the input is: 0');
for(i=0; i {
printf('%c' , checksum[i]);
printf('%c' , checksum[i]);
C Program To Implement Crc
Linecounter++;
if(Linecounter 4)
{
Linecounter = 0;
printf(' ');
}
if(Linecounter 4)
{
Linecounter = 0;
printf(' ');
}
}
printf('(bin) = ');
binarytoHex(checksum);
binarytoHex(checksum);
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printf('n');
}
}
printf('n');
if(strcmp(checksum,string_end) 0)
{
{
printf('Did the CRC check pass? (Yes or No): Yesn');
}
else
{
else
{
printf('Did the CRC check pass? (Yes or No): Non');
}
}
}
}
I cannot get the part in the middle of the output withthe block of 0's and 1's